Analysis Of Edgar Allen Poe s Influence On American...

When thinking of American literature, it’s difficult to pinpoint an author who absolutely hits the nail on the head about what exactly defines American literature and what it means. The definition is also liable to change depending on the person’s depiction of each story that is written. You simply cannot wrap it up into one sentence and call it a concrete definition; there is too much diversity and complexity within its significance. There are also numerous centuries with different eras that all have vast connections along with their differences that must be considered when interrupting how American literature has evolved. One can define it is the literature that is written or produced in the area of the United States (Giles), which is an exceedingly generic explanation and open for many categories. There are many influential American literature authors who have shared trying stories about how our country has evolved. However, no one writer can transcend all genres or eras, but one that comes to mind for his extraordinary impact on American literature is Edgar Allen Poe. His work is unique and diverse, as well as continued to be effective and successful, which is the perfect example of American literature. Poe introduced several changes to the literary style of his time period. He was one of the first writers to develop the genre of both detective fiction and horror. Poe was renowned for focusing on the opaque side of the human nature. He can even be considered the fatherShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Fall Of The House Of Usher 1173 Words   |  5 PagesENG-102 9 November 2014 Gullah Superstitions: â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† Superstitions are a mysterious part of any culture, and those mysteries greatly influence mysterious writers. Edgar Allen Poe, one of the most famous mysterious authors, use the many mysterious encounters he faced as an asset for his short stories. A major influence was his time in Charleston, South Carolina, where he learned of the many superstitions and rituals of both the blacks and the whites of the area. His interestsRead MoreAnalysing the Black Cat Using Labovs Narrative Structure5713 Words   |  23 PagesNarrative Structure 2. discuss the way Edgar Allen Poe structured his short story to form the elements of tragedy, mystery and terror as presented in the short story In completing the task, I will use Labov’s Narrative Theory to conduct narrative analysis of the short story, The Black Cat written by Edgar Allan Poe. The structure of this essay begins with the introduction to narrative and narrative analysis. The second part develops in the literature review where I will explain Labov’s NarrativeRead MoreSeminar: Literary Theory Applied to H.P. Lovecraft-Notably â€Å"the Beast in the Cave†6821 Words   |  28 PagesBuena VistA university | A Theoretical Analysis of H.P. Lovecraft’s â€Å"Beast in the Cave† | Senior Seminar | | Cory J. Dahlstrom | 7/28/2012 | H.P. Lovecraft has been called â€Å"one of the best, worst authors of our century.† In the following paper, I will explore his earliest work, â€Å"The Beast in the Cave,† a story written when he was around fifteen years old. I will explore its meanings and context through the lenses of reader response, deconstructionism, newRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced

Christian Anthropology Forms and Informs Learning at All...

This reflection paper discusses how Christian Anthropology forms and informs learning at All Saints Catholic Primary School. According to Treston (2001) Christian anthropology outlines â€Å"that in spite of our flawed condition, we are created in God’s likeness and have the capacity to be transformed by God’s gracious love.† Groome (1998) and Treston (2001) also discuss positive anthropology of the person by recognising that we are created in the image of God and that humankind is essentially all good. We are all made to seek out what is right and just, exactly what God would do. As an active member of the All Saints Catholic School community I value and uphold the All Saints vision of â€Å"a spirit centred community of learners, inspired by†¦show more content†¦We nurture and assist the growth of each and every child’s Catholic identity with the integration of Religious Education into everyday life; by proclaiming the good news of Jesus in my teachings and expressing to the children that we are Jesus’ hands, feet, voice and heart in everything that we do. The children’s carry out their own faith journeys by leading their learning and building on their individual understandings. At All Saints we value individuality by constantly referring to each individual as a unique creation and a gift of God that is to be cherished and embraced. I do this through appreciating each individual’s efforts in the classroom, each with their own gifts and talents. I recognise and cater for the 100 languages of children, allowing children to represent their understandings in ways that they choose. This is demonstrated in my classroom through displays of work with wire, clay, artist pens, natural materials, documentation of dialogue and written work. The children are encouraged to pave their own learning journeys and strive towards their individual goals. The children are involved with various pastoral care activities across the school community that promote the celebration of God’s creations, the children. By embracing the Reggio Emilia Philosophy our school links the natural environment to learning experiences as reflection, inspiration, awe and remembrance of God’s creation. The children are exposed to and encouraged to be criticalShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesin the UK and in certain other countries Copyright  © 2003 by Ennis Barrington Edmonds The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizationRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesCopyright  © 2011-14 by Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests thatRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesProject Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. ManufacturedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMichael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical

Zara Research free essay sample

According to Reporter Brasil, who broke the story, and Made in Brazil (who translated the report), AHA Industria e Comercio de Roupas Ltda. , a supplier that Zara uses to contract with factories to produce their garments in Brazil, has been under investigation by Sao Paulo’s Bureau of Labor and Employment since May. The Bureau of Labor and Employment found that 52 people were working in unsafe and unsanitary conditions at one of the factories contracted by AHA Industria to produce pants for Zara Brazil. Workers were made to work 16-hour shifts in windowless factories, earning only between R$274 and R$460 a month (that’s $170 to $286), which is below Brazil’s minimum wage of R$545 ($339) . In another inspection, a 14-year-old girl was found working â€Å"under slave-like conditions† at another factory in Sao Paulo contracted by AHA Industria for Zara. Made in Brazil reports that 91% of of AHA Industria’s production was contracted by Zara Brazil and that AHA was in direct contact with Zara’s headquarters in Spain, sending them samples for approval. Zara has been charged with 52 infractions by the Ministry of Labor and Employment in Brazil. Fiscal auditor Giuliana Cassiano Orlandi, who is involved in the investigation, told Reporter Brasil that Zara â€Å"should be responsible for all of its suppliers, and it is a duty of the company to be aware of how its merchandise is being produced. † The report also suggests that there are 30 other factories with similar working conditions producing for Zara in Brazil. Inditex, the group that owns Zara, has issued a statement in which they deny knowledge that their supplier, AHA Industria, contracted with factories that employed workers illegally. This action goes against Inditex’s Code of Conduct and the company has zero tolerance for infringements of this kind,† the release states. â€Å"This case constitutes a grave infringement of the Inditex Code of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Workshops, a code with which this supplier was contractually obligated to comply with. The Code of Conduct stipulates the requirements with which all suppliers, whether di rect or subcontracted, must comply, and aims to safeguard workers’ rights to the fullest extent. † Zara has since taken action to â€Å"immediately rectify the situation. It has been reported that one of Inditex’s Brazilian suppliers engaged in unauthorised subcontracting of work to a factory in Brazil. 15 workers were found to be employed illegally by a subcontractor, without Inditex’s knowledge. This action goes against Inditex’s Code of Conduct and the company has zero tolerance for infringements of this kind. Inditex Group wishes to state the following: -This case constitutes a grave infringement of the Inditex Code of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Workshops, a code with which this supplier was contractually obligated to comply with. The Code of Conduct stipulates the requirements with which all suppliers, whether direct or subcontracted, must comply, and aims to safeguard workers’ rights to the fullest extent. Action to be taken: -Upon learning of the case, Inditex demanded that the supplier responsible for the fraudulent subcontracting arrangement immediately rectify the situation. The supplier has accepted full responsibility, and is paying financial compensation to the workers as required by Brazilian law and the Inditex Code of Conduct. Meanwhile, the supplier will upgrade the subcontractor’s working conditions in order to bring them into line with those at facilities audited and approved by the Inditex Group’s inspection process. Brazil’s Ministry of Labour and Employment has moved to legalise the workers’ employment status. Inditex, in conjunction with the Brazilian Ministry of Labour and Employment, will strengthen oversight of its production system, both at this supplier and at the other companies with which it works in Brazil, for the purpose of preventing similar cases in the future. Inditex in Brazil has a stable supplier base of approximately 50 companies, which together account for more than 7,000 workers. The Inditex social audit system enables the company to guarantee that overall working conditions throughout Inditex’s Brazilian production chain, which manufactures several million garments each year, meet optimum standards. Inditex annually conducts more than 1,000 audits of its suppliers worldwide to enforce compliance with its Code of Conduct. In cases in which auditors detect non-compliance issues, Corrective Action Plans are implemented. A cornerstone of this is activation of a dialogue with all agents involved in the supply chain: local and international trade unions, suppliers, business management organisations, governments, non-governmental organisations, etc. The Inditex Group is grateful to the Brazilian Ministry of Labour and Employment for its work on this case and for its willingness to collaborate with Inditex to foster the best conditions possible in the Brazilian textile industry. http://www. dailymail. co. uk/femail/article-2028041/Zara-accused-employing-children-young-14-slave-labour-factories-Brazil. tml Zara accused of employing children as young as 14 in slave labour factories in Brazil By DAISY DUMAS UPDATED: 19:25 GMT, 19 August 2011 Comments (5) Share Spanish fashion chain Zara is at the centre of accusations of slave labour and child labour. A report by Reporter Brasil throws a damning spotlight on the retail giants main supplier in Brazil. It reveals the company has been under investigation since May, when 52 people were found to be working under unsanitary conditions in a factory that produces trousers for Zara. Fast fashion: Zara is accused of slave labour and child labour in two of its Sao Paulo factories. It said the labourers had been illegally sub-contracted Made In Brazil says that a subsequent inspection in July exposed foreign workers labouring under slave-like conditions. The 15 labourers, from Bolivia and Peru, included a 14-year-old girl and were set free from two factories in Brazils largest city, Sao Paolo, the report said. It was revealed that the girl and her peers laboured for more than 16 hours a day in the unsanitary and hazardous work environment and were not allowed to leave the windowless factories. They were reportedly paid between R$274 ($171) and R$460 ($288) a month, less than Brazils legal minimum wage of R$545 ($341). The Ministry of Labor and Employment in Brazil has charged Zara with 52 infractions, says Made in Brazil. Zara is owned by the worlds largest fashion group, Inditex. According to The Telegraph, Inditex said the 15 labourers were employed illegally by a subcontractor without Inditexs knowledge and that it has zero tolerance for infringements of this kind. According to the report, the factories were the responsibility of sub-contractor, AHA Industria e Comercio de Roupas Ltda. Zaras Spanish headquarters was reportedly in direct contact with AHA over the period of the alleged slave labour, often receiving samples from Sao Paolo for approval. Giuliana Cassiano Orlandi, who is involved in the investigation, says that Zara should be responsible for all of its suppliers, and it is a duty of the company to be aware of how its merchandise is being produced. AHA was Zara Brazils fastest growing supplier over the last year. Zara accounted for 91 per cent of AHAs production between April and June, the report says. We should be under no illusions that incidences like this will arise when you dont have complete control over sourcing Made in Brazil says: In spite of its growth, however, the supplier drastically cut down its number of employees and workers from 100 to 20 from June of 2010 to May of this year. The report reveals that that there are a suspected 30 more factories producing Zara clothes in Brazil that also operate under slave-like conditions. In a stateme nt released yesterday, Inditex said the case represented a serious breach in accordance with the Code of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Workshops of Inditex. Jimmy Greer, founder of research consultancy Brazilintel, said: Companies like Inditex are well aware of the difficulties of outsourcing their production and do work hard to ensure that standards are upheld. However, we should be under no illusions as they no doubt are, that incidences like this will always arise when you dont have complete control over sourcing. The fashion megalith, which also owns chains Massimo Dutti and Berksha, said the group, along with Brazil’s Ministry of Work, will strengthen the supervision of the production system of all its suppliers in the country to ensure that such cases do not occur again. Inditex is owned by Spains richest man, Amancio Ortega. He is ranked seventh in Forbes billionaires list, with an estimated fortune of $31billion, according to The Telegraph. Read more: http:/ /www. dailymail. co. uk/femail/article-2028041/Zara-accused-employing-children-young-14-slave-labour-factories-Brazil. html#ixzz1rX8m9EcT http://www. hollywoodlife. com/2011/08/19/zara-child-labor-unfair-unsafe-working-conditions-brazil-factories-kate-middleton/ Zara Is Accused Of Child Labor! What Would Kate Middleton Say? Tags: Kate Middleton Zara, Zara, Zara Child Labor One of the Duchess’ favorite brands has found itself in the headlines for all the wrong reasons! A new report claims they’re responsible for unfair labor practices — and they’ve hired a girl as young as 14-years-old! According to a new investigative report out of Brazil, Zara’s Brazilian suppliers and factories are being accused of subjecting workers to â€Å"slave-like† conditions — and hiring minors. The factory has employed at least one girl who is only 14-years-old. I’m sure Catherine, the Duchess of Cambridge and her sister, Pippa Middleton would be shocked and disappointed with the news. According to the Reporter Brasil story, (where the news broke), Zara’s supplier AHA Industria e Comercio de Roupas Ltda. , has been under investigation by Sao Paulo’s Bureau of Labor and Employment since May. The Bureau deemed working conditions for 52 people unsafe and unsanitary at one of the factories that was responsible for producing pants for Zara Brazil. Workers were working 16-hour shifts in windowless factories, earning R$274 and R$460 a month (which is $170 to $286). This figure falls way below Brazil’s minimum wage, which is R$545 ($339). In yet another factory in Sao Paulo, a 14-year-old girl was found working under â€Å"slave-like conditions. † So far, Zara has been charged with 52 infractions by the Ministry of Labor and Employment in Brazil. Giuliana Cassiano Orlandi, an auditor who is involved in the investigation, told Reporter Brasil Zara, â€Å"should be responsible for all of its suppliers, and it is a duty of the company to be aware of how its merchandise is being produced. † Apparently that’s not all — the report addresses the fact that 30 other factories are producing for Zara with similar conditions. With all the accusations, the group that owns Zara, Inditex, issued a statement denying any knowledge that their supplier contracted factories that employed workers under illegal or unsound conditions. â€Å"This action goes against Inditex’s Code of Conduct and the company has zero tolerance for infringements of this kind,† the release stated. â€Å"This case constitutes a grave infringement of the Inditex Code of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Workshops, a code with which this supplier was contractually obligated to comply with. The Code of Conduct stipulates the requirements with which all suppliers, whether direct or subcontracted, must comply, and aims to safeguard workers’ rights to the fullest extent. † They go on to say that Zara is taking action to â€Å"immediately rectify the situation. † What do you make of the whole situation? Katrina Mitzeliotis http://www. madeinbrazilblog. com/blog/zara-accused-of-alleged-slave-labor-and-child-labor-in-brazil/ Zara Accused Of Alleged Slave Labor And Child Labor In Brazil Aug 17, 2011 /7 comments POSTED IN APPAREL, FASHION, NEWS, ZARA Zara is leading the trending topics on twitter in Brazil today because of an investigation made public last night by Reporter Brasil which involves accusations of slave labor and child labor. According to the article published by Reporter Brasil, Zara’s national suppliers started to be investigated by Sao Paulo’s Bureau of Labor and Employment in May of this year, when 52 people were found working at a factory under unsanitary conditions, producing pants for Zara Brazil. In another inspection last month, 15 foreign workers from Bolivia and Peru, including a 14-year-old girl, working under slave-like conditions, were set free from two factories in Sao Paulo. Aside from the unsanitary and hazardous work environment, workers faced over 16-hour shifts, were prohibited from leaving the factories, in this case homes with almost no windows, and were paid a salary in between R$274 and R$460, less than the legal minimum wage of R$545. The supplier responsible for contracting the two factories investigated and filed for slave labor is AHA Industria e Comercio de Roupas Ltda. , and in between April and June of this year, 91% of its production was contracted by Zara Brazil. According to the investigation, AHA was the Zara supplier in the country which most grew in revenue and number of pieces manufactured over the last year. In spite of its growth, however, the supplier drastically cut down its number of employees and workers from 100 to 20 from June of 2010 to May of this year. Also according to the investigation, AHA was in direct contact with Zara’s headquarters in Spain, sending samples directly to Spain for approval. The Ministry of Labor and Employment in Brazil has charged Zara with 52 infractions for the two factories inspected in July. According to fiscal auditor Giuliana Cassiano Orlandi, who is involved in the investigation, Zara â€Å"should be responsible for all of its suppliers, and it is a duty of the company to be aware of how its merchandise is being produced. It is believed that there are other 30 factories producing for Zara in Brazil also operating under slave-like conditions. Inditex, the Spanish corporation which owns Zara and is also the world’s largest fashion group, released a statement today saying that the case represents a â€Å"serious breach in accordance with the Code of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Workshops of Inditex,† and that â€Å"the Inditex group, along with Brazil’s Ministry of Work, will strengthen the supervision of the production system of all its suppliers in the country to ensure that such cases do not occur again. Ok, so the bad guy is Spanish Zara and not the Brazilian supplier? Or suppliers, as it’s probably not an isolated case and other? And no way Brazilian where among the brands using shady suppliers? Or the headline is just sexier when a wellknown brand is accused, and not the actual offender no-one’s never heard of? http://www. retail-week. com/zara-faces-child-labour-allegations/103236. article Zara faces child labour allegations (in Portugal) 6 June, 2006 Portuguese magazine claims children are made to sew Zara shoes Spanish fast fashion giant Zara has been linked with allegations of using child labour in Portugal. An article in Portugese magazine Expresso alleged that children as young as 11 have been employed by a Zara supplier to sew Zara-branded shoes. The article was illustrated with photographs showing the children at work, according to reports. Zara parent Inditex said in a statement that, if true, the allegations would be a serious breach of Inditexs code of conduct for external workshops and suppliers. It said:The alleged breaches of the code of conduct would entail if confirmed the immediate termination of any commercial relationship with that supplier, subject to any further actions stemming from the breach of the contract. Inditex said it thought it had identified the supplier, which had not been named in the report. The company performed an audit of the supplier in question last year and found nothing untoward. http://wishididntknow. com/2011/08/20/zara-accused-of-child-slave-labor-in-brazil/ Zara Accused Of Child Slave Labor In Brazil AUGUST 20, 2011 Submitted to WIDK by Emily Moore (Daisy Dumas, Daily Mail) – Spanish fashion chain Zara is at the center of accusations of slave labor and child labor. A report by Reporter Brasil throws a damning spotlight on the retail giant’s main supplier in Brazil. It reveals the company has been under investigation since May, when 52 people were found to be working under ‘unsanitary conditions’ in a factory that produces trousers for Zara. Made In Brazil says that a subsequent inspection in July exposed foreign workers labouring under ‘slave-like conditions. The 15 labourers, from Bolivia and Peru, included a 14-year-old girl and were ‘set free’ from two factories in Brazil’s largest city, Sao Paolo, the report said. It was revealed that the girl and her peers laboured for more than 16 hours a day in the ‘unsanitary and hazardous work environment’ and were not allowed to leave the windowless factories. They were r eportedly paid between $171 and $288 a month, less than Brazil’s legal minimum wage of $341. The Ministry of Labor and Employment in Brazil has charged Zara with 52 infractions, says Made in Brazil. Zara is owned by the world’s largest fashion group, Inditex. According to The Telegraph, Inditex said the 15 labourers were ‘employed illegally by a subcontractor without Inditex’s knowledge’ and that it has ‘zero tolerance for infringements of this kind. ’ According to the report, the factories were the responsibility of sub-contractor, AHA Industria e Comercio de Roupas Ltda. Zara’s Spanish headquarters was reportedly in direct contact with AHA over the period of the alleged slave labour, often receiving samples from Sao Paolo for approval. Giuliana Cassiano Orlandi, who is involved in the investigation, says that Zara ‘should be responsible for all of its suppliers, and it is a duty of the company to be aware of how its merchandise is being produced. ’ AHA was Zara Brazil’s fastest growing supplier over the last year. Zara accounted for 91 per cent of AHA’s production between April and June, the report says. ‘We should be under no illusions that incidences like this will arise when you don’t have complete control over sourcing’ Made in Brazil says: ‘In spite of its growth, however, the supplier drastically cut down its number of employees and workers from 100 to 20 from June of 2010 to May of this year. ’ The report reveals that that there are a suspected 30 more factories producing Zara clothes in Brazil that also operate under slave-like conditions. In a statement released yesterday, Inditex said the case represented a ‘serious breach in accordance with the Code of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Workshops of Inditex. ’ Jimmy Greer, founder of research consultancy Brazilintel, said: ‘Companies like Inditex are well aware of the difficulties of outsourcing their production and do work hard to ensure that standards are upheld. ‘However, we should be under no illusions as they no doubt are, that incidences like this will always arise when you don’t have complete control over sourcing. ’ The fashion megalith, which also owns chains Massimo Dutti and Berksha, said the ‘group, along with Brazil’s Ministry of Work, will strengthen the supervision of the production system of all its suppliers in the country to ensure that such cases do not occur again. Inditex is owned by Spain’s richest man, Amancio Ortega. He is ranked seventh in Forbes’ billionaires list, with an estimated fortune of $31billion, according to The Telegraph. http://www. thefrisky. com/2011-08-20/retail-giant-zara-accused-of-violating-child-labor-practices/ Retail Giant Zara Accused Of Ag e Old Practice Of Slave Labor Julie GersteinAugust 20, 2011 2 Comments // style Just a little reminder for us to think about where our clothes come from. Spanish retailer Zara has been accused of child labor and violating fair labor practices by Brazil’s Ministry of Labour and Employment. According to the agency, 52 workers in one of the company’s Sao Paulo factories were being held in â€Å"slave-like† conditions, and at least one underage girl was found working there, violating child labor laws. Workers were required to work 16-hour shifts in windowless factories, and were paid significantly below Brazil’s minimum wage, earning between $170 to $286 a month. As a result of Brazil’s several months’ long investigation, Zara’s been charged with 52 infractions. Notes the Brazilian fiscal auditor, Zara â€Å"should be responsible for all of its suppliers, and it is a duty of the company to be aware of how its merchandise is being produced. † But that’s often not the case. And when retailers fail to follow the long tail of their supply chain down to their factory workers, everyone loses. Zara is hardly the only offender. In 2007, Topshop came under fire for using what amounted to slave labor in Mauritius to produce its line of pricey high street fashions. And more recently Target, Walmart and Macy’s have been pressured to stop using a factory in Jordan where incidences of sexual abuse are common. These large corporations often claim that they’re unaware of the labor practices in their factories, but shouldn’t they be? After all, they profit directly of what their factory workers do. And to a large extent, we benefit as consumers when corporate retailers turn a blind eye to what’s happening in their factories. Slave labor and unfair labor practices often translates directly to cheap price tags for consumers. There are some organizations advocating on behalf of workers. Social Accountability International is a nonprofit organization that developed a series of standards for fair labor. Their SA8000 certification–which is as of now still a voluntary certification program–offers a method of auditing factories for fair trade labor practices that protect workers. And the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights But what about Zara? Inditex, Zara’s parent company, denied any knowledge of the working conditions in its Sao Paulo factory, and in fact issued a statement claiming, â€Å"This case constitutes a grave nfringement of the Inditex Code of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Workshops, a code with which this supplier was contractually obligated to comply with. The Code of Conduct stipulates the requirements with which all suppliers, whether direct or subcontracted, must comply, and aims to safeguard workers’ rights to the fullest extent. † Which i s a start. But it makes you wonder if Zara would care if they — like so many other retail chains — hadn’t gotten caught. Want to contact the author of this post? {encode=†[emailprotected] com† title=†Email her†}! ttp://www. google. de/imgres? imgurl=http://www. ecouterre. com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/captured-by-cotton-1-537402. jpgimgrefurl=http://www. ecouterre. com/high-street-retailer-zara-accused-of-alleged-slave-labor-in-brazil/h=402w=537sz=54tbnid=bf58KyxonKGgHM:tbnh=94tbnw=126prev=/search%3Fq%3Dzara%2Bchild%2Bwork%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Duzoom=1q=zara+child+workdocid=Tk2m6hQKMonPJMhl=plsa=Xei=s6aCT9X8Ls7UsgawxMHABAved=0CGUQ9QEwCAdur=5872 High-Street Retailer Zara Accused of Alleged â€Å"Slave Labor† in Brazil by Jasmin Malik Chua, 08/18/11 Spanish fast-fashion retailer Zara, known for its affordable knockoffs of runway designs, has been accused of allegedly using slave labor in more than 30 of its outsourced plants in Brazil. On an episode of the investigative TV show, A Liga, reporters visited a factory where Bolivian immigrant garment workers were caught in â€Å"slave-like conditions,† according to Forbes on Wednesday. Zara, a subsidiary of Inditex, one of the world’s largest apparel distributors, is now under investigation by Brazil’s labor ministry, which is cracking down on slave labor in the logging, charcoal, and sugarcane industries. SLAVE SCANDAL In addition to unsafe work conditions—a fire extinguisher was found to have expired in 1998—a huge divide exists between a garment’s cost and the employees compensation. A pair of Zara jeans that sells for R$200 ($126 in American dollars), according to one Bolivian worker, has a working cost of R$1,80 ($1. 14). That sum is divvied equally among the individuals involved in its production—seven people in all. Workers who labor no less than 12 hours per day make an average of R$900 ($569) per month. Workers who labor no less than 12 hours per day make an average of R$900 ($569) per month. Zara, once referred to by Daniel Piette, Louis Vuitton’s fashion director, as â€Å"possibly the most innovative and devastating retailers in the world,† produces an average of 11,000 distinct designs every year. Only 50 percent of their products is actually manufactured in Spain; 26 percent is produced in other parts of Europe, while another 24 percent is made in countries in Asia, Africa, and South America where labor is inevitably cheaper, like Brazil. Although Amancio Ortega, the company’s founder and Spain’s richest man, recently stepped down from his post as chairman of Inditex last month, he still remains a large shareholder. In a statement today, Zara says that the accusations represent a â€Å"serious breach in accordance with the Code of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Workshops of Inditex,† adding that it’s asked factories responsible for illegal outsourcing to comply with company standards. â€Å"The Inditex group, along with Brazil’s Ministry of Work,† a representative notes, â€Å"will strengthen the supervision of the production system of all its suppliers in the country to ensure that such cases do not occur again. † We’re keeping our fingers crossed. ttp://www. irtk. org/child-labor-are-children-a-part-of-overseas-operations. html Child Labor: Are Children a Part of Overseas Operations? Image via Wikipedia Child labor is illegal in most developed countries, but in third world countries it’s a different story. In certain parts of the world, children do factory work, help their parents with the family business, work on farms, work as prostitu tes and so forth. Contrary to popular belief, most child labor is informal: not the stuff that people see on T. V. of children hidden in factories. So, most likely, a child did not make those Nike shoes after all. On the other hand, a few cases have suggested that children are still at work for first world countries. For example, the Firestone Tire Company had a metal plantation in Liberia, and their workers were required to meet a certain quota or they would not receive their wages. As a result, many of the employees brought their children to work. In the 2005 case, The International Labor Fund vs. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, the International Labor fund fought on behalf of the child laborers and Indiana did not allow Firestone to dismiss the case. Gap Inc. , the clothing company, has also been accused of child labor. However, unlike Firestone, Gap was openly upset and concerned about the accusation. They shut down 23 factories due to problems with child labor and other violations. H M and Zara were accused by the Environmental Justice Foundation for selling clothing made with cotton from Bangladesh, because that cotton may have been picked by children. H M and Zara both responded that they did not support child labor, and H M claimed that they sought to avoid cotton from Uzbekistan (where the Bangladesh cotton originally came from). However, H M also admitted that they had no way of tracing their material. Sadly, child labor still does occur, formally and informally. Excluding child labor in the household (children helping their parents, or perhaps doing all the domestic chores), UNICEF estimates that there are 158 million children (under the age of 14), who are employed informally or formally.

Is citizenship in Australia an individuals legal status

Citizenship in Australia has been considered as a new concept in spite of the prevailing politics that has existed for many years. The political factors often raise questions on the relationship between the state and its citizens. In addition, the validity of Australian citizenship has also been argued out on the perspective of whether it acts to safeguard an individual’s legal status or that of the state.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is citizenship in Australia an individual’s legal status? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Short and Mutch (2001, p. 114) point out in their publication that while citizenship in Australia is an important component that draws individuals and institutions together in order to share aspirations and values as well as to exercise social responsibilities, issues of individuals’ legal status, ability to perform duties and enjoy certain rights in Australia have been of concern for some duration of time now. Citizenship has been described as a legal entity which should create a balance between individuals and state while allowing equal access to rights and protection by existing laws. In addition, citizenship in Australia has in the past decade been affected by conflicts both in terms of its practical meaning and in relationship to an individual’s legal status. It is against this background that this paper critically examines the citizenship in Australia and its legal role among Australians in general. A brief overview of citizenship in Australia The history of the creation of the current Australian citizenship can be traced way back in 1949 when it took effect after it was formed through the Nationality and Citizenship Act (1948). Studies reveal that earlier on, before its formation, Australians did not have any form of well recognized legal status in their own country which could be granted to them as proof of citizenship. As a result, they mainly relied on the one which was being offered to the British nationals. However, with an increase in immigration practices that became common after the federation, migration programs were developed which saw the rise of citizenship laws that were addressing immigration policies. The trend of migration in Australia has over the years risen significantly with 153, 648 in 1949. The latter was the number that was granted citizenship at that time. This figure rose to 22 million individuals in 2009 (Dutton 2000, p. 333).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Chauchat and Cogliati-Bantz (2008, p. 193), citizenship in Australia may be obtained in several ways. Some of the key ways include grant, adoption, descent as well as birth. It is important to mention that many permanent citizens in Australia today have attained their status through grants. However, obtaining citizenshi p by grant saw the introduction of new rules that made acquisition of citizenship in Australia harder than it was some 30 years ago. Today, over thirty amendments have been made on the Australian citizenship legislation. This has led to less regard of the Australian citizenship status since it is being regarded as an important component of identifying oneself with the country. In other words, it is a way of showing commitment and loyalty to the country. Boreham, Stokes and Hall (2004, p. 100) argue that even with the rise in provision of citizenship to individuals in Australia, its practical impact on legal rights and material situation has very little effect on individuals. This is attributed to the manner in which it impacts negatively on the legal status of individuals and poses the threat of its ability to grant individuals their rights and protection. This has been worsened by myriad of amendments that have been done in the past. Patriotism versus preceduralism The amendments c arried out in the Australian citizenship legislation have been subject of great debate in legal and academic circles bearing in mind that its symbolic and legal changes have impacted on individuals’ legal status. The amendments have also made the cost of acquiring citizenship to be a lot easier. This has made its expected impact on provision of support and legal protection to be less felt and robbed Australians the sign and status of feeling like distinct people with a unique culture, evolved memories, history and a common future.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is citizenship in Australia an individual’s legal status? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The citizenship has ceased being associated with loyalty and patriotism, rather it demands adherence to procedures and laws. Dutton (2000, p. 333) argues that proceduralism has replaced the aspect of an individual’s legal status. Its call for o bedience to laws and tolerance seems to be the only value which it demands from citizens. While proceduralism has received much credit from many analysts who feel it fits well with multiculturalism, others feel that citizenship ought to be light and prescriptive and not complex and oppressive. As Cook, Walsh and Harwood (2009, p. 45) indicate, Australia has a highly diverse population similar to other countries. Unlike other countries that highly restrict their growth and development only to their people, Australia is open to all who have basic history of the country and English understanding, good moral characteristics, no criminal record and readiness to swear allegiance to the country’s constitution. Among individual Australians, their belonging in Australia is based on legal status and patriotism and not tolerance in living as a community or side by side as this does not just rob them of some of their rights, it also allows newcomers to interfere with their cultures. Perm anent residence versus citizenship McGregor (1997, p. 64) argues that the introduction of permanent residents in Australian citizenship impacts on the legal rights that an Australian individual reserves on its provisions. Being largely symbolic, the Australian citizenship and its material benefit like education, welfare gains and access to Medicare which were legally enjoyed by Australian citizens have now been opened to permanent citizens. Another area of change is full access to employment and old age pension. These have made citizenship and its legal rights not to be fully enjoyed by Australian citizens. Jaensch (1997, p. 90) argues that there are a few legal barriers that prevent full participation of migrants with or without citizenship in the Australian society.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The problem of citizenship on an individual’s legal status as put forward by Dutton (2002, p. 86) is that it has not been thoroughly debated in terms of how Australians are supposed to benefit. Rather, it is about commitment and levels of loyalty to the nation. Citizens in Australia confer the right to a passport, service on juries and right to vote and work. Besides, citizens and non-citizens alike may work in public offices and have immunity from deportation. The problem posed by these provisions on the legal status of Australian citizens is the slightness in their practical difference with permanent residents. The element fostered by the Australian citizenship legislation is one that strongly supports proceduralism over individuals’ legal status. This has drawn sharp arguments from different supporters and opponents with the former seeing citizenship as more inclusive and a component that grants everyone full community and political membership. While critically eval uating the problem of citizenship and individuals’ legal status, Sifa, (2000, p. 154) argues that addressing it should largely be considered from an economic outset. The very reference of minority groups invokes a sense of poor social economic overtone that restricts their ability to move up the social economic hierarchy towards the top. Therefore, the manifestation and outlay of citizenship and its effects is a paradox in the sense that demanding people at the top to reflect their own cultures and those of the minority groups is indeed cumbersome. Donoghue and Tranter (2010, p. 493) posit that through economic empowerment, the minority groups and their representative cultures become easily represented in important developments and societal demands. The numerous amendments in the Australian citizenship laws largely sought to protect possible bias towards people of a given group or culture in Australia in terms of enjoyment of basic rights and protection by the law. Such amend ments are critical because they reduce possible sense of inferiority for the minority groups and their cultures. Though some analysts indicate that such laws may present possible crashes between the dominant and the minority groups, the same consideration is not always true. Chesterman and Galligan (1999, p. 64) indicate that the Australian local administration creates effective checks and balances that require strict adherence and sets up major penalties if faulted. Though it often takes place involuntarily, the resulting orientation depicts key tolerance and eventual acceptance based on mutual respect. Conclusions To sum up, the arguments above were based on the thesis statement that citizenship in Australia has been considered as a new concept for many years in spite of its political theories that have been advanced by the political class. This factor has elicited more questions especially in regards to the relationship between the state and its people. In addition, an individual ’s legal status has also been inquired on whether it is an integral component that affects the acquisition of Australian citizenship. From the discussion, it is clear that citizenship may be obtained in several ways such as grant, adoption, by descent and birth. It is also evident that the Australian citizenship law has gone through many amendments, a consideration that has seen citizens in Australia and other residents, permanent and non-citizens, receive equal treatment. As noted in the essay, while this has received a considerable support from multiculturalists, it is without doubt that it has impacted on individual legal rights of Australians raising questions on whether Australians should continue existing as a community besides immigrants or as individuals who have full legal status. References Boreham, P., Stokes, G., Hall, R 2004, The Politics of Australian Society: Political  Issues for the New Century, Pearson Longman, Sydney. Chauchat, M., Cogliati-Bantz, V 200 8, â€Å"Nationality and Citizenship in a Devolution Context: Australian and New Caledonian Experiences†, University of Queensland Law Journal, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 193-220. Chesterman, J., Galligan, B1999, Defining Australian Citizenship: Selected Documents, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. Cook, I., Walsh, M., Harwood, J 2009, Government and Democracy in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Donoghue, J., Tranter, B 2010, â€Å"Citizenship, Civic Engagement and Property Ownership†, Australian Journal of Social Issues, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 493-508. Dutton, D 2000, â€Å"Defining Australian Citizenship: Selected Documents†, Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 333-333. Dutton, D 2002, One of Us? A Century of Australian Citizenship, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. Jaensch, D 1997, The Politics of Australia, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne. Short, P.M., Mutch, A 2001, â€Å"Exchange, reciprocity, and citizenship–principles of access and the challenge to human rights in the third sector: An Australian perspective†, Social Justice, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 114-127. Sifa, S 2000, â€Å"Citizenship and Indigenous Australians: Changing Conceptions and Possibilities†, Pacific Affairs, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 154-155. This essay on Is citizenship in Australia an individual’s legal status? was written and submitted by user Desiree Herrera to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.